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An academic reference is typically a formal letter of recommendation for an academic job, a scholarship, or a fellowship.

How many?��Anywhere between two and five—check the posting. If the posting only asks for two references, don’t give five. If it asks for five, don’t give three. If it asks for “2-3” (which happens reasonably frequently) use your best judgement. Three is better than two if they’re all excellent and detailed, but two really good ones are better than two good ones and a mediocre one.

Whom should you ask?��Professors who can speak knowledgably about your work and class performance, a supervisor from an academic job you held, or in certain circumstances even an administrator or non-faculty advisor could write an excellent reference.

How should you ask?��You can ask in person, over the phone, or by email—whatever is the most convenient way to reach them. Before you approach them, even in person or over the phone, you should always prepare a short document that lists:

• Who you are, with a list of courses you’ve taken from them (including grades earned), any projects you worked for them on, any extracurriculars that you participated in, especially those relevant to the program, fellowship, or job you’re applying for, and a reminder of a significant paper or project that you submitted in a class you took with them;
• What you are asking for the recommendation for, with all relevant information;
• When the recommendation is due; and
• Where/how to submit the recommendation. Sealed letter given to you to include with a packet? Electronic submission either directly to a program or through a credentialing service? On letterhead sent from their office? Give them precise instructions.

The goal is to make it as easy as possible for your reference to write your recommendation by giving them a document that lays out all the pertinent information. It is also a good idea to include a copy of your CV or résumé. When you ask, ask “Would you be comfortable giving me a recommendation for X?” This gives someone who wouldn’t an out, and may prevent you from making a costly mistake in your application.

Can I see the letter?��No. Well,��maybe. But not until afterward, and you shouldn’t ask; it’s considered impolite.

When should you supply academic references?��Academic letters of reference or recommendation are usually supplied at time of application to a program, fellowship, scholarship, etc.

Reference don’ts

• Don't give a reference’s name without asking first.
• Don't misrepresent the role of a reference.
• Most importantly: Don't ask for a reference if you aren’t sure it will be positive!