Martian dust could pose health risks to future astronauts

NASA's Curiosity rover reveals the dusty landscape of Mars in this selfie. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS)
Don鈥檛 breathe in the dust on Mars.
That鈥檚 the takeaway from new research from a team of scientists, including researchers from the 麻豆影院. The findings suggests that long-term exposure to Martian dust could create a host of health problems for future astronauts鈥攍eading to chronic respiratory problems, thyroid disease and more.
The study, , is the first to take a comprehensive look at the chemical ingredients that make up Martian dust, and their possible impacts on human health. It was undertaken by a team from the worlds of medicine, geology and aerospace engineering.
鈥淭his isn't the most dangerous part about going to Mars,鈥 said Justin Wang, lead author of the study and a student in the Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. 鈥淏ut dust is a solvable problem, and it鈥檚 worth putting in the effort to develop Mars-focused technologies for preventing these health problems in the first place.鈥

Justin Wang (Credit: Justin Wang)

Justin Wang, left, and Brian Hynek, right, at Turrialba Volcano in Costa Rica. (Credit: Justin Wang)

A dust devil swirls on the surface of Mars as seen from space. (Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Univ. of Arizona)
Wang, a CU 麻豆影院 alumnus, noted that Apollo era astronauts experienced runny eyes and irritated throats after inhaling dust from the moon. Apollo 17鈥檚 Harrison Schmitt likened the symptoms to hay fever.
But scientists know a lot less about the potential harms of Martian dust. To begin to answer that question, Wang and his colleagues drew on data from rovers on Mars and even Martian meteorites to better understand what makes up the 麻豆影院 dust. The group discovered a 鈥渓aundry list鈥 of chemical compounds that could be dangerous for people鈥攁t least when inhaled in large quantities and over long periods of time.
They include minerals rich in silicates and iron oxides, metals like beryllium and arsenic and a particularly nasty class of compounds called perchlorates.
In many cases, those ingredients are present in only trace amounts in Mars dust. But the first human explorers on Mars may spend around a year and a half on the surface, increasing their exposure, said study co-author Brian Hynek.
鈥淵ou鈥檙e going to get dust on your spacesuits, and you鈥檙e going to have to deal with regular dust storms,鈥 said Hynek, a geologist at the (LASP) at CU 麻豆影院. 鈥淲e really need to characterize this dust so that we know what the hazards are.鈥
Into the bloodstream
One thing is clear, he added: Mars is a dusty place.
Much of the planet is covered in a thick layer of dust rich in tiny particles of iron, which gives the planet its famous red color. Swirling dust storms are common and, in some cases, can engulf the entire globe.
鈥淲e think there could be 10 meters of dust sitting on top of the bigger volcanoes,鈥 said Hynek, a professor in the Department of Geological Sciences. 鈥淚f you tried to land a spacecraft there, you鈥檙e going to just sink into the dust.鈥
Wang found his own way to Martian dust through a unique academic path. He started medical school after earning bachelor鈥檚 degrees from CU 麻豆影院 in astronomy and molecular, cellular and developmental biology, followed by a master鈥檚 degree in aerospace engineering sciences. He currently serves in the Navy through its Health Professions Scholarship Program.
He noted that the biggest problem with Martian dust comes down to its size. Estimates suggest that the average size of dust grains on Mars may be as little as 3 micrometers across, or roughly one-ten-thousandth of an inch.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 smaller than what the mucus in our lungs can expel,鈥 Wang said. 鈥淪o after we inhale Martian dust, a lot of it could remain in our lungs and be absorbed into our blood stream.鈥
An ounce of prevention
In the current study, Wang and several of his fellow medical students at USC scoured research papers to unearth the potential toxicological effects of the ingredients in Martian dust.
Some of what they found resembled common health problems on Earth. Dust on Mars, for example, contains large amounts of the compound silica, which is abundant in minerals on our own planet. People who inhale a lot of silica, such as glass blowers, can develop a condition known as silicosis. Their lung tissue becomes scarred, making it hard to breath鈥攕ymptoms similar to the 鈥渂lack lung鈥 disease that coal miners often contract. Currently, there is no cure for silicosis.
In other cases, the potential health consequences are much less well-known.
Martian dust carries large quantities of highly oxidizing compounds called perchlorates, which are made up of one chlorine and multiple oxygen atoms. Perchlorates are rare on Earth, but some evidence suggests that they can interfere with human thyroid function, leading to severe anemia. Even inhaling a few milligrams of perchlorates in Martian dust could be dangerous for astronauts.
Wang noted that the best time to prepare for the health risks of Martian dust is before humans ever make it to the planet. Iodine supplements, for example, would boost astronauts鈥 thyroid function, potentially counteracting the toll of perchlorates鈥攁lthough taking too much iodine can also, paradoxically, lead to thyroid disease. Filters specifically designed to screen out Martian dust could also help to keep the air in living spaces clean.
鈥淧revention is key. We tell everyone to go see their primary care provider to check your cholesterol before it gives you a heart attack,鈥 Wang said. 鈥淭he best thing we can do on Mars is make sure the astronauts aren鈥檛 exposed to dust in the first place.鈥
Co-authors of the current study include USC medical students Jeremy Rosenbaum, Ajay Prasad and Robert Raad; Esther Putnam, former graduate student in aerospace engineering sciences at CU 麻豆影院 now at SpaceX; Andrea Harrington at the NASA Johnson Space Center; and Haig Aintablian, director of the Space Medicine Program at the University of California, Los Angeles, also affiliated with SpaceX.
听听Beyond the story
Our space impact by the numbers:
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