听
We鈥檝e all heard examples of animal altruism: Dogs caring for orphaned kittens, chimps sharing food or dolphins nudging injured mates to the surface. Now, a study led by the 麻豆影院 suggests some plants are altruistic too.
The researchers looked at corn, in which each fertilized seed contained two 鈥渟iblings鈥� -- an embryo and a corresponding bit of tissue known as endosperm that feeds the embryo as the seed grows, said CU-麻豆影院 Professor Pamela Diggle. They compared the growth and behavior of the embryos and endosperm in seeds sharing the same mother and father with the growth and behavior of embryos and endosperm that had genetically different parents.
鈥淭he results indicated embryos with the same mother and father as the endosperm in their seed weighed significantly more than embryos with the same mother but a different father,鈥� said Diggle, a faculty member in CU-麻豆影院鈥檚 ecology and evolutionary biology department. 鈥淲e found that endosperm that does not share the same father as the embryo does not hand over as much food -- it appears to be acting less cooperatively.鈥�
A paper on the subject was published during the week of Jan. 21 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Co-authors on the study included Chi-Chih Wu, a CU-麻豆影院 doctoral student in the ecology and evolutionary biology department and Professor William 鈥淣ed鈥� Friedman, a professor at Harvard University who helped conduct research on the project while a faculty member at CU-麻豆影院.
Diggle said it is fairly clear from previous research that plants can preferentially withhold nutrients from inferior offspring when resources are limited. 鈥淥ur study is the first to specifically test the idea of cooperation among siblings in plants.鈥�
鈥淥ne of the most fundamental laws of nature is that if you are going to be an altruist, give it up to your closest relatives,鈥� said Friedman. 鈥淎ltruism only evolves if the benefactor is a close relative of the beneficiary. When the endosperm gives all of its food to the embryo and then dies, it doesn鈥檛 get more altruistic than that.鈥�
In corn reproduction, male flowers at the top of the plants distribute pollen grains two at a time through individual tubes to tiny cobs on the stalks covered by strands known as silks in a process known as double fertilization. When the two pollen grains come in contact with an individual silk, they produce a seed containing an embryo and endosperm. Each embryo results in just a single kernel of corn, said Diggle.
The team took advantage of an extremely rare phenomenon in plants called 鈥渉etero-fertilization,鈥� in which two different fathers sire individual corn kernels, said Diggle, currently a visiting professor at Harvard. The manipulation of corn plant genes that has been going on for millennia -- resulting in the production of multicolored 鈥淚ndian corn鈥� cobs of various colors like red, purple, blue and yellow -- helped the researchers in assessing the parentage of the kernels, she said.
Wu, who cultivated the corn and harvested more than 100 ears over a three-year period, removed, mapped and weighed every individual kernel out of each cob from the harvests. While the majority of kernels had an endosperm and embryo of the same color -- an indication they shared the same mother and father -- some had different colors for each, such as a purple outer kernel with yellow embryo.
Wu was searching for such rare kernels -- far less than one in 100 -- that had two different fathers as a way to assess cooperation between the embryo and endosperm. 鈥淚t was very challenging and time-consuming research,鈥� said Friedman. 鈥淚t was like looking for a needle in a haystack, or in this case, a kernel in a silo.鈥�
Endosperm -- in the form of corn, rice, wheat and other crops -- is critical to humans, providing about 70 percent of calories we consume annually worldwide. 鈥淭he tissue in the seeds of flowering plants is what feeds the world,鈥� said Friedman, who also directs the Arnold Arboretum at Harvard.听 鈥淚f flowering plants weren鈥檛 here, humans wouldn鈥檛 be here.鈥�
Contact:
Pamela Diggle, 303-550-3065
Pamela.diggle@colorado.edu
William 鈥淣ed鈥� Friedman, 617-384-7744
ned@oeb.harvard.edu
Jim Scott, CU-麻豆影院 media relations, 303-492-3114
Jim.Scott@colorado.edu
A new study led by CU-麻豆影院 involving graduate student Chi-Chih Wu, shown here, indicates corn plants may have an altruistic side. Photo courtesy CU-麻豆影院
