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• Chloe Brashear, lab technician 2023
• Hayley Bennett, MS 2023
• Alyssa Johnson, lab technician 2021
• Abigail Thayer, PhD 2021
• Seth Kurtz, lab technician 2021
• William Skorski, MS 2020
• Daniela Meza Acosta, undergrad 2021
• Soisiri Chanin, undergrad 2021
• Lauren Eng, undergrad 2020
• Isaac Vimont, PhD 2017
• Karen Alley, PhD 2017
• Amy Steiker, MS 2018
• Caroline Alden, PhD 2013
• Emily Longano, undergrad 2013
• Jason Winokur, lab technician 2013

Earth's climate is changing due to the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. The most important of these is carbon dioxide - and yet we don't fully understand fluxes of CO₂ between the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the ocean.  Stable isotopes are very useful for understanding these exchange processes because of fractionation: different isotopes of CO₂ move between these different pools at different rates. For instance, because plants strongly discriminate against the heavy isotope of CO₂, we can use δ¹³C-CO₂ (the 'isotope delta' value) to estimate ocean versus land uptake of carbon dioxide. about why isotopes are useful for understanding sources and sinks of carbon!)

The INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has collaborated with the since 1990. This involves measuring δ¹³C-CO₂ and Î´¹⁸O-CO₂ from flasks and programmable flask packages from the Global Greenhouse Gas Reference Network. We proudly maintain the largest of stable isotopes in the world. You can play around with here. We will be updating our CO₂ isotope data soon! Contact Sylvia Michel for more information. 

Methane is also a very important greenhouse gas, and the atmospheric burden of methane is increasing rapidly for reasons we don't fully understand. Because sources of methane have different isotopic signatures, we can use δ¹³C-CH₄ to test hypotheses about where that increase has come from - and studies suggest that the increase is primarily from a biogenic source, like wetlands or agriculture, though fossil fuel sources are a bigger fraction of emissions than we once thought. Modeling CH₄ as well as its isotopes helps us understand the methane budget, and this will potentially guide climate-sensitive policy decisions. Read more about the utility of our measurements in by our colleague Sourish Basu, or by Xin Lan.

In cooperation with NOAA GML, the INSTAAR Stable Isotope Lab (SIL) has been measuring δ¹³C-CH₄ of methane since 1998, and we have the largest collection of in the world. We work closely with collaborators around the world making similar measurements to improve our data compatability.

On Earth's great ice sheets, Greenland and Antarctica, snow accumulates and never melts, creating a repository of precipitation back in time. Stable isotopes of precipitation are a proxy for temperature when the snow fell, making ice cores rich paleoclimate archives. In addition, ice cores preserve records of atmospheric gases, chemistry, and physical properties, and they are unique for their combination of high resolution and long time scales. Understanding the climates of the past is essential for predicting the Earth’s responses to human-caused climate change, and ice cores are invaluable in this effort.

For more than 30 years, SIL has been involved in ice core projects in Greenland ( and ), Antarctica ( and , and also in the high-altitude tropics (Ecuador, Peru, Tibet). Although in the past we used isotope ratio mass spectrometry, we now measure the samples with a custom-built continuous melter system connected to a Picarro cavity ring-down mass spectrometer, resulting in higher-than-ever measurement resolution on a deep core. In addition to the stable isotope analysis, we are involved with the coring, , and modeling/analysis of the data.

Most recently our efforts have focused on the , located approximately at 2,720 meters altitude ~75°N , 36°W in NE Greenland on a fast moving ice stream that moves about 1 meter/week! The project has over a dozen international partners and is a multiyear project to recover ice that give us insights into climate variability over more than the last 100,000 years. Ice cores from Antarctica can take us back even further in time.  You can learn more in general about ice corse (with videos) or for  a more in depth look at ice core science, you can see in the journal Nature. 

As much as 50% of the world's soil carbon is sequestured in the northern boreal latitudes in perennially frozen ground or permafrost. Current and future carbon emissions from these stocks are unknown, largerly due to the spatial gaps in observations and uncertainties in the mechanics of methane and carbon dioxide production. Here at SIL we are working toward building observation systems using our fixed-wing Uncrewed Aerial System (UAS, or drone) that enable new understanding of the way carbon is introduced into the atmosphere. At our field site in Alaska, close to permafrost emission sources, we use a suite of aerial measurements - in-situ measurement of methane, soil moisture radiometer, multispectral camera, and methane-isotope gas capture - to constrain isotope-enabled biogeochemisty models. These models in turn inform the future of carbon release from permafrost and ultimately, the future of climate.

At SIL you'll find Kevin Rozmiarek, Tyler Jones, Bruce Vaughn, Valerie Morris, Taline Leon, and Paloma Siegel all working on permafrost. Our UAS operations are enabled and empowered at CU through Director of Flight Operations Daniel Hesselius. This work is funded through NSF's Navigating the New Arctic program and with lab partner .

SIL participated in the CU-based, NSF funded Sustainability Research Network called the Air Water Gas project which is aimed at studying the oil and gas industry in the Rocky Mountain West. The mission of this project was to provide a logical, science-based framework for evaluating the environmental, economic, and social trade-offs between development of natural gas and protection of water and air resources. The project educated the public and influenced the development of policies and regulations governing natural gas and oil development.

Unlike all of our lab-based measurements, Mobile Methane measurements are recorded on the fly as the vehicle drives. The data are plotted onto an interactive map and Landsat image.

• Sample Volume First line is amount needed for analyses; second line is the desired amount of sample to be submitted, to allow enough for replicate analyses.
• Precision is the long term reproducibility (one sigma) of a known-unknown.
• Cost Per Analysis is an estimate for off-campus non-academic research, including commercial parties and governmental agencies. Prices are lower for academic projects and university research. Assistance with interpretation of data is available. We do not attempt to compete with commercial labs.
• Analysis time is an average turnaround time for a small number of samples (1-50). Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine performance, barring mechanical failures beyond our control.

Notes

• We will bill your university/party/agency after the work is completed. (Most universities pay with a purchase order or credit card).
• We strongly support student projects, both graduate and undergraduate. If you have a limited number of samples, and an even more limited source of funding, we may be able to help.
• PLEASE DO NOT SEND SAMPLES BY STANDARD US POSTAL SERVICE. Choose a street delivery service such as FedEx, UPS, etc. We request that you email us with an electronic list (spreadsheet) of sample IDs, so that we can avoid any possibility of data entry typos on our end. If possible, especially with large sample sets, we appreciate some organization of the samples in the shipping container, so we don't have to re-order them.

Standard gases

We also perform calibration of clean dry air cylinders typically filled at the Niwot clean air site by NOAA personnel. Calibrated tanks can be obtained from NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, analyzed for mixing ratios of a suite of greenhouse gases, including CO, CO₂, N₂O, and CH₄. For more information, visit the . Reference cylinders usuallly require analyses made over a period of weeks to verify the stability of the standard air before it can be released and certified for use. Turnaround times can vary, depending on the performance of the cylinder. Typically we make approximately 30 measurements over a period of 6 to 12 weeks. Actual time may be shorter or longer depending on machine and cylinder performance, barring any mechanical failures beyond our control.