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Education and Training

• University of Notre Dame, Electrical Engineering, B.S.E.E., May 1967
• University of Notre Dame, Electrical Engineering, M.S.E.E., May 1968
• University of Notre Dame, Electrical Engineering, Ph.D., December 1970
• Radiation Research Laboratory (Atomic Energy Commission, Notre Dame) Post-doc, 1971

Research and Professional Experience

• Executive Director, Science & Technology, NREL, Golden, Colorado, 2008–present
• Director, National Center for Photovoltaics, NREL, Golden, Colorado, 1999–2008
• Manager and Principal Scientist, Measurements & Characterization, NREL, Golden, Colorado, 1980–1999
• Senior/Principal Scientist, Photovoltaics Research, NREL, Golden, Colorado, 1977–1980
• Assistant/Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, 1971–1977

Relevant Publications

2000-present

260.    R.W. Birkmire and L.L. Kazmerski, “Harnessing the Sun with Thin-Film Photovoltaics,” Photovoltaics for the 21^st Century, V.K. Kapur, R.D. McConnell, D. Carlson, G.P. Caesar, and A. Rohatgi, Eds. (Electrochem. Soc., New Jersey; 2000) pp. 24-32.  SBN 1-56677p-233-8

261.    Y.H. Kao, L. Kazmerski, K.G. Lynn, and A. Mascarenhas, “Photovoltaics Characterization: An Overview” Photovoltaics for the 21^st Century, V.K. Kapur, R.D. McConnell, D. Carlson, G.P. Caesar, and A. Rohatgi, Eds. (Electrochem. Soc., New Jersey; 2000) pp. 274-300.   ISBN 1-56677p-233-8

262.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics: R&D in the Coming Millennium,” Renewable Energy, (Pergamon, U.K.; 2000) pp. 2674-2684 (invited).

263.    R.G. Dhere, M.M. Al-Jassim, Y. Yan, K.M. Jones, H.R. Moutinho, T.A. Gessert, P. Sheldon, and L.L. Kazmerski, “CdS/CdTe Interface Analysis by Transmission Electron Microscopy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A18, 1604-1608 (2000).   DOI: 10.1116/1.582393

264.    H.R. Moutinho, R.G. Dhere, C. Ballif, M.M. Al-Jassim, and L.L. Kazmerski, Alternative Procedure for the Fabrication of Closed Space Sublimated Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A 18, 1599 (2000).  

265.    J.P. Benner and L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics Gaining Greater Visibility,” IEEE Spectrum, Vol. 36, Number 9, September, 1999 (invited).  DOI: 10.1109/6.789579

266.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics in the 21^st Century,” Plenary Presentation, 16^th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (James and James, U.K.; 2000) pp. 3-8 (invited Plenary paper).

267. H.R. Moutinho, R.G. Dhere, M.M. Al-Jassim, C. Ballif, D. Levi, A. Swartzlander, M.R. Young, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Study of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells Using CSS CdTe Deposited at Low Temperature,” Proc. 28^th IEEE Photovoltaic Spec. Conf. (IEEE, New York; 2000) pp. 646-649.

268.    L.L. Kazmerski, “The Solar-Electric Decades: Opportunities and Expectations 2001-2020,” Proc. Photovoltaics Science and Engineering Conf., Jeju, Korea (PVSEC, Seoul; 2001) pp. 7-12 (Invited Plenary Paper)

269.    Sheila Bailey, H. Curtis, G. Landis, M. Piszczor, R. Surampudi, T. Hamilton, D. Rapp, P. Stella, N. Mardesich, J. Mondt, R. Bunker, E. Gaddy, J. VanSant, C. Schwartz, D. Marvin, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaic Technology Needs for Future NASA Science Missions,” Proc. 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (James and James, U.K.; 2001) pp. 2137-2143.

270.    L.L. Kazmerski, “The NCPV: Its not Business as Usual,” (invited) Proc. NCPV Program Review Meeting, Lakewood, CO (NREL, Golden, Colo.; 2001).  DOI:

271. L.L. Kazmerski, “Progress in Photovoltaics R&D,” Proc. 7^th Arab Solar Energy Conference, UAE (Elsevier, Oxford; 2002) pp. 11-17.  Also in Renewable Energy, 43, 211 (2002).

272.    S. Bailey, H. Curtis, M. Piszczor, R. Surampudi, T. Hamilton, D. Rapp, P. Stella, N. Mardesich, J. Mondt, R. Bunker, B. Nesmith, E. Gaddy, D. Marvin, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Pholtovoltaic Cell and Array Technology Development for Future Unique NASA Missions” , Proc. 29^th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conf., New Orleans (IEEE, New York, 2001) pp. 799-803.  DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190694

273.    L.L. Kazmerski, “U.S. PV Directions,” Special Editorial, Photovoltaics Bulletin, Elsevier (June, 2002). DOI: 10.1016/S1473-8325(02)80217-6

274. L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics R&D in the United States: Positioning for Our Future” ,” Proc. 29^th IEEE Photovoltaics Spec. Conf., New Orleans (IEEE, New York; 2002) pp. 21-27 (Invited Plenary paper). DOI: 10.1109/PVSC.2002.1190447

275.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaic Myths-The Seven Deadly Sins,” Solar Today, Vol 16, No. 4, (ASES, �鶹ӰԺ, Colo.; 2002) pp. 40-43 (invited);  Also; reprinted in Renewable Energy World, Vol. 5, Number 4, (James and James, U.K.; 2002) pp. 174-183.  ISBN 0 9750650 0 9

276.    Sheila Bailey, H. Curtis, G. Landis, M. Piszczor, R. Surampudi, T. Hamilton, D. Rapp, P. Stella, N. Mardesich, J. Mondt, R. Bunker, E. Gaddy, J. VanSant, C. Schwartz, D. Marvin, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaic Technology for Future NASA Science Missions,” Proc. 17th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (James and James, U.K.; 2001) pp. 2137-2143.

277.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics: A 2001 Device Overview,” Renewable Energy 2002, (Sovereign Publications, Ltd., U.K., 2002) pp. 130-137. ISBN 1903605121

278.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaic Myths-The Seven Deadly Sins,” Solar Today, Vol 16, No. 4, (ASES, �鶹ӰԺ, Colo.; 2002) pp. 40-43 (invited);  Also; reprinted in Renewable Energy World, Vol. 5, Number 4, (James and James, U.K.; 2002) pp. 174-183,  A digest-version was authored in “Solar Electricity-The Power of Choice” (NREL, NCPV Newsletter, 2^nd Quarter, 2001).

279.    L.L. Kazmerski, “U.S. PV Directions,” Special Editorial, Photovoltaics Bulletin, Elsevier (June, 2002).

280.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics: The U.S. National Program,” Proc. IEA PVPS International Conf. 2003, Osaka, Japan (IEA/NEDO; Brussels; 2002) S2-2.

281.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics: Electrolysis” ASES Renewable Hydrogen Forum, Washington, DC, (ASES, �鶹ӰԺ, Colorado; 2003) pp. 7-10 (invited)

282.    K. Broussard and L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics and the Hydrogen Economy,” Proceedings of the REAP 2003 and MURA 2003 Conference (NREL, Golden; 2003) pp 7-11.

283.    L.L. Kazmerski and K. Broussard, “Future Hybrid Systems: Solar and Hydrogen,” Proc. European PV Hybrid and Grid-Connected Conference, Kassel, Germany (European Commission, Brussels; 2004) pp. 23-31 (invited Keynote). Published by the European Commission. 

http://www.gbv.de/dms/tib-ub-hannover/370191390.pdf

284.    Lawrence Kazmerski and Thomas Surek, “Power from the Sun: Photovoltaic Research Progresses Rapidly from the Lab to the Market,” OE Magazine, MSP Publications, April, 2003, pp. 1-4.  Also, SPIE: Connecting  Minds, Advancing Light  DOI: 10.1117/2.5200304.0005

285.    R. Surampudi, T. Hamilton, D. Rapp, P. Stella, N. Mardesich, J. Mondt, Bl Nesmith, R.L. Bunker, J. Cutts, S.G. Bailey, H.B. Curtis. M. Piszczor, E. Gaddy, D. Marvin, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Cell and Array Technology for Future Space Science Missions,” JPL D-24454, Special Report, December 2003. [Major NASA refereed report on space power]  OCLC 70270646

286.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics: Technology, Research, and Trends,” Proc. British Council Seminar, Renewable Energy (2005) Vol. 43, pp. 341-345.

287.    J. Perlin, S. Moon, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Bell Labs Silicon Solar Cell: 50^th Anniversary,” Solar Today, January-February, 2004 (invited cover article) pp. 24-27. 

288.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Technologies: Future Research and Markets,” Proc. 19^th Arab Solar and Renewable Energy Conference, Bahrain (Elsevier, U.K., 2004) pp. 5-11.

289.    L.L. Kazmerski and K. Broussard, “Solar Photovoltaic Hydrogen: The Technologies and Their Place in Our Roadmaps and Energy Economics,”Proc. 19^th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (James & James, U.K.; 2004); Also NREL/CP-520-36401; ISBN 3-936-338-159

290.    H.R. Moutinho, R.G. Dhere, C.-S Jiang, M.M. Al-Jassim, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy Applied to CdTe/CdS Solar Cells,” Proc. 19^th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference (James & James, U.K.; 2004) pp. 1859-1862.  Also, NREL/CP-520-36323

291.    R.L. McConnell, L.L. Kazmerski, and S. Moon, “Tomorrow’s Solar Cells,” Solar Today, Vol. 18, No. 4, July-August, 2004, pp. 40-43. 

292.  L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics:  50 years Looking Back and Technology for the Next 50 Years,” Proc. 49^th SPIE Meeting, Denver, Colorado (SPIE, Bellingham, Washington; 2005)

293.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics Research and Technology: At the Tipping Point,” Proc. Brazilian PV Technology Conference, Rio de Janeiro (CEPEL and Eletrobras, Brasil; 2006) pp. 28-35.

294.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics R&D at the Tipping Point: A 2005 Technology Overview,” J. Electron. Spectroscopy 150, 105 (2006).  10.1016/j.elspec.2005.09.004

295.    C.-S. Jiang, H.R. Moutinho, M.J. Romero, M.M. Al-Jassim, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Electrical Charge at Defects on the Si(111) 7x7 Surface,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 88, 061901 (2006). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2172229

296.    G.C. Jiang, H.R. Moutinho, M. Al-Jassim, L. L. Kazmerski, B. Yan, J.M. Owens, J. Yang, and S. Guha,

“Distribution of Local Open-Circuit Voltage on Amorphous and Nanocrystalline Mixed-Phase SiH and SiGe:H Solar Cells” Proc. of the 4^th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (Waikoloa, Hawaii), May, 2006, pp. 1552-1555.  Also, NREL/CP-520-39882;  DOI: 10.1109/WCPEC.2006.279780

297.  H.R. Moutino, R.G. Dhere, C.-S Jiang, and L. L. Kazmerski, “Identification of Thin Film CdTe Solar Cell Parameters Using Proximal Probe Techniques”  Proc. of the 4^th World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion (Waikoloa, Hawaii), May, 2006, pp. 1552-1555.

298.  L.L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics Technology: Evolution, Disruptive, and Revolutionary,” Proc. APEC-2006 (IEEE, New York, 2007).

299.  H.R. Moutinho, R.G. Dhere, C.-S, Jiang, M.M. Al-Jassim, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Electrical Properties of CdTe/CdS Solar Cells Investigated by Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy,” Thin Solid Films, 513, 150 (2006).  doi:10.1016/j.tsf.2006.03.003

300.  L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics at the Tipping Point: Pathways from Evolutionary to Disruptive and Revolutionary Technologies,” Proc. International Conference on Integrated Renewable Energy Resources, pp. 5-11, (Water and Energy Dept. Abu Dhabi, UAE; January, 2007) [Keynote Paper]. 

301.  A. Barnett, D. Kirpatrick, C.B. Honsberg, D. Moore, M. Wanlass, K. Emery, R. Schwartz, D. Carlson, S. Bowden, D. Aiken, A. Gray, S. Kurtz, L. Kazmerski, T. Moriarty, M. Steiner, J. Gray, T. Davenport, R. Buelow, L. Takacs, N. Shatz, J. Bortz, O. Jani, K. Goossen, F. Kiamilev, A. Doolittle, I Ferguson, B. Unger, G. Schmidt, E. Christensen, and D. Salzman, “Milestones Toward 50% Efficient Solar Cell Modules,” Proc 22^nd European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Milan, Italy (WIP-Renewable Energies, ISBN3-036338-22-1; December, 2007) pp. 95-100.

302.  Allen Barnett, Doug Kirkpatrick, Christiana Honsberg, Duncan Moore, Mark Wanlass, Richard Schwartz, Jeff Gray, Keith Goosen, Fouad Kiamilev, Allen Gray, Roger Buelow, Lazlao Takacs, Tom Davenport, Keith Emery, and Lawrence Kazmerski, “Very High Efficiency Solar Cell Modules,” Proc. 33^rd IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, San Diego. (2008) 

303.    Allen Barnett, Douglas Kirkpatrick, Christiana Honsberg, Duncan Moore, Mark Wanlass, Keith Emery, Richard Schwartz, Dave Carlson, Stuart Bowden, Dan Aiken, Allen Gray, Sarah Kurtz, Larry Kazmerski, Tom Moriarty, Myles Steiner, Jeffery Gray, Tom Davenport, Roger Buelow, Laszlo Takacs, Narkis Shatz, John Bortz, Omkar Jani, Keith Goosen, Fuad Kiamilev, Allen Doolittle, Ian Ferguson, and Blair Unger, “Very High Efficiency Solar Cell Modules,” Prog. in Photovoltaics Res. Appl., 16, 1-9 (2009).  DOI: 10.1002/pip.852

304.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics: The Revolution Begins,” Proc. 2009 Device Research Conf. (IEEE, New York; 2009). P. 219   DOI:

305.    L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar Photovoltaics at the Tipping Point: Pathways from Evolutionary to Disruptive and Revolutionary Technologies,” Solar Energy and Human Settlement  (Springer Berlin Hindenberg, Berlin), Vol. I, 110-117 (2009).   DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_16

306.    Qaraghuli and L.L. Kazmerski, “Feasibility of constructing step-by step very large photovoltaic power plants in the Arabian Deserts,”  Proc. Engineering Congress on Alternative Energy Applications (United Nations, NY; 2009) November, 2009.

307.    Ali Al-Qaraghuli, David Renne, and L.L. Kazmerski, “Solar and Wind Opportunities for Water Desalination in the Arab World,”  Renewable and Sustainable Energy Rev. 13, 2397–2407  (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2008.05.007

308.    L.L. Kazmerski and A. Al-Qaraghuli, “Technical and Economic Assessment of Photovoltaic- Driven Desalination Systems,” Renewable Energy, 35, 2010. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2009.05.018

309.  A. Karaghuli and L.L. Kazmerski, Renewable Energy Opportunities in Water Desalination, Chapter 8, in M. Schorr, Ed, Desalination, Trends and Technologies (Intech, DOI: 10.5772/14779; 2011) pp. 150-184. DOI: 10.5772/14779; 2011

310.    A. Karaghuli and L.L. Kazmerski, “Optimization and Life-Cycle Cost of a Health Clinic PV System for a Rural Area in Southern Iraq,” Solar Energy 84, 710 (2010).  DOI: 10.1016/J.SOLENER.2010.01.024

311.    A. Al-Qaraghuli and L.L. Kazmerski, “Economic and Technical Analysis of a Reverse-Osmosis Water Desalination Plant using DEEP-3.2 Software” Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering, A; 1 (Issue 3A) 318 (2012).  Acc. Number: 85651167

312.    Ali Al-Qaraghuli and L.L. Kazmerski, “Performance and economic analysis of a medium-size reverse-osmosis Plant using HOMER and DEEP-3.2,” Desalination and Water Treatment (Taylor and Francis, U.K.; 2012).

313.  Lawrence L. Kazmerski, “Photovoltaics Technology 2012: No Longer an Outlier,” Elsevier Renewable Energy Compendium, Comprehensive Renewable Energy, Volume 1 (invited) (Elsevier, Amsterdam; 2012) pp.13-30, Van Sark, Editor. ISBN: 978-0-08-087873-7;  doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-087872-0.00101-3

314.    A. Al-Karaghouli and L.L. Kazmerski,Energy consumption and water production cost of conventional and renewable-energy-powered desalination processes,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 24, 343-356 (2013).   doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.12.064

315.  T. Tarver, A. Al-Qaraghuli, and L.L. Kazmerski, “A Comprehensive review of the impact of dust on the use of solar energy: History, investigations, results, literature, and mitigation approaches,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 22, 698-733 (2013). DOI:

316.  L.L. Kazmerski, , “Ashes to Ashes, Dust to Dust: Averting a Potential Showstopper for Solar Photovoltaics,” Proc. 40^th IEEE Photovoltaic Spec. Conference, Denver (IEEE, New York; 2014) DOI:

317.  L.L. Kazmerski, “The Bell Telephone Laboratories Discovery: The mW-Foundation for our multi-GW industry 60 Years Later,” Chapter in Photovoltaics for Sustainable Electricity and Buildings, A. Sayigh, Ed. (Springer, New York; 2017) (in press). ISBN 978-3-319-39280-6

318.    Lawrence L. Kazmerski, Antonia Sonia A.C. Diniz, Christiana Brasil Maia, Marcelo Machado Viana, Pedro Brito, Suellen C. Costa Lauro V. Machado Neto, Leila de Oliveira Cruz, and Sergio Hanriot, “Fundamental Studies of the Adhesion of Dust to PV Module Surfaces: Chemical and Physical Relationships at the Microscale,” IEEE J. Photovoltaics, 6, 7190729 (2016) DOI: 10.1109/JPHOTOV.2016.2528409.  Also,  Proc. 41^st IEEE Photovoltaic Spec. Conference, New Orleans (IEEE, New York; 2015).

319.    Suellen C.S. Costa, Antonia Sonia A.C. Diniz and Lawrence L. Kazmerski, “Dust and soiling issues and impacts relating to solar energy systems: Literature review update for 2012-2015,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 63, 33-61 (2016).  DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.04.059

320.    L.L. Kazmerski, A.S.A.C. Diniz, C.Brasil Maia, M.M. Viana, Suellen C.S. Costa, Pedro P. Brito, Claudia D. Campos, Sergio de Morais Hanriot, and Leila R. de Oliveira Cruz, “Soiling Particle Interactions on PV Modules: Surface and Inter-Particle Adhesion and Chemistry Effects,” Proc. 42^nd IEEE PVSC, Portland (IEEE, New York; 2016) [Accepted DOI in process]

Patents

• Volume-Indexed Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Method and Apparatus for Analyzing the Internal Chemistry and Internal Compositional Variations of Materials and Devices, Patent Number 4,874,946, October 17, 1989.
• Method and Apparatus for Differential Spectroscopic Atomic Imaging Using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy, Patent Number 4,942,299, July 17, 1990.
• Apparatus and Method for the Atomic Imaging, Processing and Characterization of Materials Surfaces, Disclosure, April, 1992; US Patent Issued, November, 1995. International Patent issued 12 January, 1995, Number WO 95/01646, International Patent Classification H01J 37/26.

Awards and Honors

• National Academy of Engineering (2005)
• Fellow: APS (1987), IEEE (1988), AVS (1992) (also, Honorary Member of the AVS)
• Karl W. Böer Medalist (2007)
• Four R&D 100 Awards (1985, 1989, 1992, 2007)
• IEEE William R. Cherry Award (1993)
• World Photovoltaic Award (2006)
• ASES Charles Greeley Abbott Award (2008)
• Peter Mark Memorial Award (1981)

Synergistic Activities

• Proximal probe investigations of polycrystalline thin-film surfaces and interfaces, including morphology and electro-optical characterization
• Design, characterization, and project management of very high-efficiency solar cells (greater than 50%) under the DARPA VHESC program
• Project management of NREL DOE Solar Program ($70M annually); Director of the National Center for Photovoltaics, line management of 185 staff and students
• Editor-in-Chief, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Elsevier) and Editor, Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy (American Institute of Physics)