By Lisa Marshall (Jour, PolSci鈥�94)
When Hollywood releases a major feature, most moviegoers and critics scrutinize the costumes, sets and performances.
Film scholar Hunter Vaughan considers something else: How big a toll did it take on the environment?
鈥淚 want to provide a counternarrative to the typical story of Hollywood that looks at it not in terms of grandiose romanticization of the silver screen, but through the hidden environmental tolls鈥攖he natural resource use, the waste production, the greenhouse gas emissions鈥� that are seldom talked about,鈥� says Vaughan, a scholar-in-residence in CMCI鈥檚 Department of Media Studies.
Vaughan鈥檚 new book, Hollywood鈥檚 Dirtiest Secret: The Hidden Environmental Costs of the Movies, does just that, shedding light on a wide range of surprising ecological villains, from the 1939 epic Gone With the Wind鈥攚hich ignited Hollywood鈥檚 polluting love affair with explosions鈥攖o the 2009 sci-fi film Avatar, an ostensibly ecofriendly digital pioneer that generated mountains of real-world waste.
Vaughan found inspiration for the book when he was a doctoral student at Oxford in England. Walking home at night he noticed a blinding glow emanating from a window. When he peeked inside, he found a building full of humming generators, snaking electrical cords and glaring lights鈥攁ll set up for a practice run-through of a scene in the 2007 fantasy The Golden Compass.
鈥淚 was shocked and disturbed by the amount of resources being used just for a run-through,鈥� he recalls.
In the coming years, he scoured through film archives and directors鈥� reports, toured studio lots and interviewed execs and local film crews.
He discovered an industry culture in which extravagance and waste have been not only allowed but celebrated, even as other industries have been pressured to conserve.
A Titanic waste
During the filming of Gone With the Wind, amid a lingering economic depression, the filmmakers set ablaze mounds of sets from previous films (including King Kong) for the epic 鈥渂urning of Atlanta鈥� scene, sending a plume of potentially hazardous smoke into the Los Angeles sky.
For Gene Kelly鈥檚 classic dance scene in the 1952 musical Singin鈥� in the Rain, producers ran countless gallons of water for a week on a backlot at MGM. When they realized they were starting to lose water pressure around 5 p.m., as residents of nearby Culver City got home from work, they altered their schedule to run the water sooner.
鈥淭hey knew that water was a resource of the commons and that it was finite, but rather than conserve it, they just ran it earlier,鈥� he notes.
In 1997, during the filming of Titanic, wastewater from the lavish set on the shore of a Mexican village polluted the nearby ocean, decimating the local sea urchin population, reducing fish levels by a third and taking a heavy toll on the local fishing industry.
The truth about digital
Then there was Avatar, a film that Vaughan calls 鈥減roblematic on so many levels.鈥�
A cautionary tale of the dangers of unbridled resource use, the 2009 production billed itself as entirely digital鈥攁 filmmaking method described as less resource-intensive than shooting live action. But Vaughan鈥檚 research revealed that the filmmakers produced entire real-life sets and wardrobes anyway, to get a better sense of how bodies and fabrics might move in the digital world of Pandora.
Our increased reliance on digital technology for entertainment comes at its own ecological cost, Vaughan stresses, with fiber-optic cables strung along the ocean floor, satellites and cell towers built to transmit signals and the benign-sounding 鈥渃loud鈥� made up of server farms gobbling up energy around-the-clock.
In all, research has shown, the film industry is on par with the aerospace, apparel, hotel and semiconductor industries when it comes to energy use and emissions.
Greening future films
But the news is not all bad, Vaughan says.
Some studios have vowed to go carbon neutral, and actors like Mark Ruffalo, Matt Damon, Shailene Woodley and Jane Fonda are publicly fighting for cleaner air, water, land and environmental justice.
Vaughan is also doing his part.
With a grant from the U.K.-based Arts and Humanities Research Council, he鈥檚 working to build a Global Green Media Production Network to facilitate eco-friendly production from East Asia to Latin America.
鈥淔ilmgoers can choose not to endorse movies that rely on a spectacle of explosion, materialism and waste,鈥� he says. 鈥淚f we as an audience show Hollywood we want a certain type of film, they will start making them.鈥�
Combating climate change, however, will require large-scale cultural shifts, not just individual consumer choices.