Molecular

Bad news for Boomers: There’s no magic cure for aging

Anonymous — Fri, 28 Jul 2023 04:28:32 +0000

Bad news for Boomers: There’s no magic cure for aging Anonymous (not verified) Thu, 07/27/2023 - 22:28

Rachel Sauer

CU �鶹ӰԺ researcher Jesse Kurland shows in new study that aging is a complex process affecting genetic networks, and altering one gene won’t stop it

As anyone who’s ever said “oof” while sitting down knows, the effects of aging are felt across every tissue and every organ in the body.

One of the tissues most affected by aging is skeletal muscle, which allows us to breathe, eat and move ourselves through the world. As we age, skeletal muscle tissue becomes smaller, weaker and less capable of regenerating itself after injury—leading not only to physical decline, but also mental decline.

And despite what humanity has hoped for since long before Ponce de Leon sought the Fountain of Youth, and especially since researchers began scouring the human genome for a genetic silver bullet that might arrest or even reverse the process of aging, the news isn’t promising: A single, miraculous genetic cure probably doesn’t exist.

CU �鶹ӰԺ researcher Jesse Kurland studied genetics and aging to earn his PhD in June.

Newly published research focusing on skeletal muscle tissue highlights how, rather than being driven by the expression of one gene or even small clusters of genes, the aging process disrupts the timing of expression in entire gene networks.

“This research makes me a little skeptical that one day we will have the means to reverse aging,” says �鶹ӰԺ researcher Jesse Kurland, the study’s lead author who earned his PhD in molecular and computational biology in June by defending this research.

“Though there are methods, like diet and exercise, that appear to temporarily slow the aging process and increase lifespan, for decades researchers studying the genetics of aging have searched for a ‘magic bullet’ to actually halt or reverse aging, and I’m doubtful of that ever succeeding.

“It’s hard to imagine how a process that disrupts our tissues universally in such complex ways, and in fundamental cellular processes like transcription (the process in which information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA), could be fixed by altering one, or even handfuls, of genes.”

Complexities of aging

Kurland and his colleagues focused on skeletal muscle tissue not only because it’s critical to overall human health and well-being, but because the factors driving its age-related decline in function and ability to regenerate itself are not well understood.

Skeletal muscle is one of a few tissues that contain stem cells in adulthood, which are critical for their function and maintenance. In muscle, a population of resident quiescent stem cells (MuSCs) activate and proliferate to regenerate muscle tissue after injuries. Failure to maintain and repair skeletal muscle in aged organisms is attributed, in part, to deficits in MuSC function, but the full picture of why muscle regeneration declines in aging remains unclear.

During muscle regeneration, gene expression—when information in DNA is converted to a functional product like protein—must be turned on and off in coordinated sequences to transform muscle stem cells into mature muscle cells, a process known as cell differentiation.

In muscle regeneration, sets of related genes, referred to as gene networks, are turned on during cell differentiation and subsequently regulate expression of other gene networks. This process keeps happening in a tightly coordinated cascade of gene-expression changes.

Kurland and his colleagues combined mouse experiments with advanced computational analyses in a multidisciplinary approach and made several significant observations. They saw that during muscle regeneration, miscoordination of gene-network expression is what primarily distinguishes regeneration in aged mice from young mice. Their observations support the idea that this miscoordination actually “snowballs” during regeneration, during which disruptions increase in magnitude and severity as regeneration proceeds.

Many researchers have argued that muscle regenerative declines in aged organisms are due to overall changes in gene expression, suggesting that aging inhibits expression of genes normally turned on in young organisms during regeneration, and activates genes that should be turned off.

However, Kurland’s research challenges this notion by arguing that changes to the timing of gene expression, rather than a binary, on-or-off sequence of particular genes, is the primary contributor to defects in muscle regeneration and function in aging organisms, “which is a subtle but profound difference of perspective,” Kurland notes.

His research suggests that aging may broadly result from miscoordination of large groups of interconnected genes, thus making it unlikely that turning single genes from these networks on or off would halt or reverse aging. In other words, aging may be a case of right gene, wrong time.

What is aging?

Kurland notes that “we barely have a grasp on what aging even is. Some theories suggest it’s an evolutionarily conserved process to limit population size. There’s also an entropic theory of aging, which expresses that the order inherent in all life can only be temporary and must eventually return to disorder. Ultimately, it seems aging is somehow related to the very nature of time, which, when you get down to it, is also an utter mystery.

“For me, one of the most fundamentally baffling questions about aging is why some animals, like our cats and dogs, only live 10 to 20 years, while some whale species live hundreds of years. There are even species of jellyfish that can reverse aging by mechanisms we don’t understand. I don’t know if we’ll ever fully understand why we age, so in a sense I wanted to portray ways in which aging is a lot more complicated than we’re even beginning to grasp.”

He advises that “all aging research and proposed lifestyle changes should be taken with a grain of salt, and instead we should ask ourselves ‘How do I feel compared to how I felt a year ago? Is my lifestyle working well for me?’

“Personally, I have no interest in reversing my own aging or living forever. Aging is a fundamental and natural part of life—for organisms to be born, others must die. We should all try to embrace the aging process rather than avoid it. We shouldn’t let our desire to remain youthful get in the way of enjoying all phases of our lives.”

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CU �鶹ӰԺ researcher Jesse Kurland shows in new study that aging is a complex process affecting genetic networks, and altering one gene won’t stop it.

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As pandemic spread, ‘I couldn’t just sit around’

Anonymous — Wed, 04 May 2022 23:02:14 +0000

As pandemic spread, ‘I couldn’t just sit around’ Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 05/04/2022 - 17:02

Catherine Arnold

After getting stuck in China, graduating PhD student pivoted research to help test for the COVID-19 virus without nasal swab

Stranded for the first two months of the COVID-19 pandemic at his family home in China, virus specialist Qing Yang was inspired to change his research direction, helping to create one of that pathogen’s first saliva tests.

The test was first deployed at the �鶹ӰԺ and around Colorado starting in the late summer of 2020 before being used elsewhere in the United States and Brazil.

Using data from the test, Yang and a research team published findings about asymptomatic COVID-19 in May 2021, concluding that a small number of individuals spread the disease.

Traveling to help fight COVID-19

Yang’s journey back to CU �鶹ӰԺ in spring 2020 was delayed when the U.S. Embassy in China closed in response to the burgeoning pandemic. Sara Sawyer, one of his advisors and a professor of molecular, cellular and developmental biology, helped brainstorm a route back to �鶹ӰԺ, verifying in a letter to the U.S. Embassy that he was needed for important COVID research.

At the top of the page: Qing Yang examines samples of the rapid COVID-19 saliva test in the Sawyer Lab (Glenn Asakawa/CU �鶹ӰԺ). Above: Qing Yang is a graduating PhD student in molecular biology.

“I realized that working in such a related area, I couldn’t sit around,” said Yang, a graduating PhD candidate in molecular biology.

While in China, he used computational skills learned in his undergraduate studies to look at the dynamics of viral transmission and how more frequent testing could prevent the spread of the virus, he said.

In March 2020 he was able to exit to Thailand—staying there two weeks to get around travel limits from China during the early pandemic—and re-enter the United States in April 2020, after a brief stop in Canada.

Creating an important test

Back in �鶹ӰԺ, Yang and others in Sawyer’s research lab at the BioFrontiers Institute began looking at ways to reconfigure an existing rapid test method—previously used to diagnose dengue and other infection—to work without nasal swabs.

They created a test that uses saliva to produce answers in 45 minutes. Using very few materials, only pipettes (slender tubes for transferring liquid) and a heating source, their test was considered community deployable.

After CU �鶹ӰԺ asked them to prepare the test for locations on campus, the team ran hundreds of samples to vet their system. Learning that test accuracy dropped when they scaled the testing, they spent several nights figuring out where the process went wrong and realized samples weren’t sealed well and evaporation was rendering results less accurate. Adding appendices to their paper, they showed how to troubleshoot step by step for accurate readouts.

Then the team worked to source materials for the test—a challenge during the early pandemic supply-chain slowdown—and deployed it on the CU �鶹ӰԺ campus and elsewhere.

Yang and his colleagues published their findings about their test as well as the necessity for frequent testing.

Before the pandemic, Yang’s graduate work focused on finding host signatures (signs that a cell has been occupied by a pathogen) that signify an ongoing infection. This research was part of a project to find treatments for certain viruses. When the COVID pandemic started, he paused those investigations but has since returned to them.

In March 2020, he and a few colleagues co-founded the company Darwin Biosciences, which licenses the techniques in their test. With Darwin, they’re currently developing a handheld device that will detect host signatures in a saliva sample instead of pathogens, using the signatures as an indication of infection.

Previous viral research

As an undergraduate studying computer science and microbiology, Yang read the book The Hot Zone, about the origins of Ebola.

In the case of COVID response, everything accelerated; you immediately saw the outcome of your research being put into effect. That’s exciting.”

“I was fascinated by how researchers jump into these scenarios,” Yang said about why he chose to study viruses in graduate work.

He’s also intrigued by “how simple viruses are—and at the same time they can cause such traumatic consequences in public health and trigger such diverse human symptoms.”

Interested in understanding more, he planned to use his two areas of study, computer science and biology, to mine data and conduct original research.

“Knowing that CU’s BioFrontiers Institute focuses on this type of collaboration, computation with biology, is part of why I chose �鶹ӰԺ for my graduate work,” said Yang.

After his CU graduation, Yang will work as a postdoctoral fellow at Fred Hutchison Cancer Center in Seattle, using computational research to determine how hosts respond to their first encounter with a virus. The work will involve collaboration with labs and museums in Mexico to look at the virus genetic sequences from archeological remains. In part, they’ll try to learn how past colonialism in Central America affects the distribution of viruses within the population and the disease outbreaks that have happened to Indigenous people.

Having his own opportunity to find solutions during a pandemic made him see the ways laboratory and computational research can be put into practice in the real world, said Yang.

“In the case of COVID response, everything accelerated; you immediately saw the outcome of your research being put into effect. That’s exciting. So is the fact that so many people stepped up and learned so many aspects of this virus.”

After getting stuck in China, graduating PhD student pivoted research to help test for the COVID-19 virus without nasal swab.

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Student cares for Caribbean corals at a Colorado ‘ark’

Anonymous — Wed, 15 Dec 2021 23:18:48 +0000

Student cares for Caribbean corals at a Colorado ‘ark’ Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 12/15/2021 - 16:18

Tim Grassley

CU �鶹ӰԺ undergraduate joins an innovative effort to rescue dying coral reef and bring it back from the brink of extinction

In 2014, the northernmost tip of the Florida coral reef tract began to turn white.

These corals were infected by Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease (SCTLD), which destroys the species’ soft tissue. To date, the infection has killed several million Caribbean corals and is regarded one of the deadliest recorded coral-disease epidemics.

To stave off the reef’s extinction, a group of government agencies developed a plan to remove healthy coral specimens untouched by SCTLD and move them to land-based “arks.” Broomfield’s Butterfly Pavilion was asked to become one of these arks, holding some of the rescued corals because the staff had experience working with invertebrate species that do not have skeletal backbones.

Ty Engelke, who is an undergraduate at the �鶹ӰԺ, discovered what became called the Florida Reef Tract Rescue Project while watching a video blog about the effort.

At the top of the page: A coral with Stony Coral Tissue Loss Disease getting rescued by a diver (FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute/Flickr). Above: Ty Engelke.

“It was beyond exciting to know that there were these immaculate Caribbean corals right there (in Broomfield),” says Engelke, who is majoring in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. “I went and saw them in person and thought, ‘I need to find a way to be a part of this.’”

Engelke is a hobby aquarist who keeps large aquariums of fish. He hoped his experience would translate into a strong application for a competitive aquarist internship at the Butterfly Pavilion. At the time of his application, though, he did not have enough background with saltwater species and his first application was turned down.

“I was dejected because it was something I really wanted,” says Engelke. “In the grand scheme of things, it wasn’t something I was ready for.”

To strengthen his application, Engelke took courses in marine ecology, oceanography and limnology in fall 2020 and spring 2021. He also began keeping marine invertebrates and saltwater tanks. In summer 2021, he reapplied and earned the opportunity to volunteer with the Florida Reef Tract Rescue Project.

Getting to know corals with personalities

The project has one bio-secure display “tank” that holds around 250 gallons of water. Nineteen colonies of variously sized corals have nametags that describe the species and their place of origin—information that is registered with the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission.

Engelke’s primary job is to clean filtration systems and the tank, ensuring the tank is working properly and tests water parameters in the lab. His favorite responsibility, though, is feeding the corals.

“Corals are animals and have personalities,” says Engelke. “You can have two corals who are the same species and are sitting next to each other, and one will eat a lot more than the other on some days and some days it won’t. It’s been fun over these last months to get to know them. I definitely have my favorites.”

The team has experienced success in the corals adapting to their new environments, but it was not always clear they would thrive in captivity. Engelke described one instance in which a coral was struggling, but it was not immediately clear why.

“One of the biggest challenges in caring for Caribbean Stony Coral is the lack of information about their requirements in captivity,” notes Engelke. “Not seeing progress and the coral doing well was a big test of patience for the better part of a month.”

Engelke’s supervisor, Sara Stevens, the Butterfly Pavilion’s aquatics manager, asked the team to step back and allow the environment to settle. The choice paid off, and the coral grew stronger.

It was beyond exciting to know that there were these immaculate Caribbean corals right there (in Broomfield). ... I went and saw them in person and thought, 'I need to find a way to be a part of this.'"

“I learned patience and diligence vicariously from Sara—to be on the ball all the time,” says Engelke. “Now, all of the corals are much happier.”

Deepening his interest through flexible graduation requirements

At CU �鶹ӰԺ, Engelke has sought to learn more about marine biology alongside his major coursework in molecular, cellular and developmental biology. The College of Arts and Sciences requires undergraduates to complete 75 of their 120 credits outside of their major department, meaning Engelke could pursue his interests without fighting for placement in upper-division electives.

“The openness of the major allowed me to study marine life, oceanography and atmosphere studies while focusing on cell biology,” notes Engelke. “No one caused a big fuss, I felt welcome, and I didn’t have prerequisite hoops to jump through before taking upper division classes. It was nice to learn about something that I, really, just liked.”

Engelke plans to continue volunteering with the Butterfly Pavilion and is excited to meet challenges as his experiences with corals grows.

The Butterfly Pavilion committed to housing the corals for three years without funding, beginning in 2019. Because the corals continue to thrive, the pavilion is finalizing the installation of a new tank. Engelke anticipates that the requirements of caring for coral will rapidly change, and he will need to continue to build his expertise to keep up.

“It’s so cool to see what grand, combined effort has gone into this. There are so many people doing such amazing work,” says Engelke. “I'm honestly honored to be part of it.”

CU �鶹ӰԺ undergraduate joins an innovative effort to rescue dying coral reef and bring it back from the brink of extinction

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Seventeen students are named 2021 Van Ek Scholars

Anonymous — Wed, 12 May 2021 16:13:56 +0000

Seventeen students are named 2021 Van Ek Scholars Anonymous (not verified) Wed, 05/12/2021 - 10:13

This year’s recipients of the notable College of Arts and Sciences’ award are especially distinct, the chair of the award committee notes

Seventeen exceptional undergraduates are this year’s recipients of the Jacob Van Ek scholarship, one of the College of Arts and Sciences’ highest honors.

The award recognizes faculty-nominated students who display superior academic achievement and service to the �鶹ӰԺ, the Denver and �鶹ӰԺ communities, or larger national and international communities. A five-person faculty committee selects the winners, who receive a $250 award and a certificate of recognition.

“The Van Ek Award is one of the most distinctive undergraduate awards on the �鶹ӰԺ campus,” says Nina L. Molinaro, professor of Spanish and chair of the award committee.

“The Van Ek Selection Committee takes into consideration the GPAs and academic honors of the nominees, along with the range and depth of service contributions with which the nominees are associated. These include unpaid and paid community service activities, unpaid and paid extracurricular department and university activities and work experience.”

The winners of the Van Ek Scholar Awards for 2021 managed, under very difficult circumstances, to excel academically and to contribute enormous service to incredibly diverse groups."

The award is named for Jacob Van Ek (1896-1994), who was among a generation of faculty who shaped CU �鶹ӰԺ in the 20th century. Called “the boy dean” by students for his relative youth, Van Ek helped build the university’s reputation for academic excellence, intellectual freedom and tolerance.

He established programs for academically talented students, creating one of the nation’s first honors programs, and vigorously defended members of untenured faculty who were fired for holding unpopular views.

Molinaro notes that the achievements of this year’s winners are especially distinct, given the challenges of the past year.

“The winners of the Van Ek Scholar Awards for 2021 managed, under very difficult circumstances, to excel academically and to contribute enormous service to incredibly diverse groups, and among them university organizations, professional organizations, nonprofit groups, national organizations and many more.”

The following students are this year’s Jacob Van Ek Scholar Award recipients:

Ava Begun, speech, language and hearing sciences
Taylor Fahey, speech, language and hearing sciences
Skylar Fendrick, speech, language and hearing sciences
Margaret Friesen, women and gender studies
Taylor Hirschberg, sociology
Kavya Kannan, economics, political science and international affairs
Emily Majluf, astrophysical and planetary sciences
Elizabeth Mather, political science and international affairs
Izi Moss, molecular, cellular and developmental biology
Maisa Nammari, linguistics
Kiar Rickert, sociology and women and gender studies
Sarah Schleifer, English
Gaby Solano Serna, Spanish
Nadyah Spahn, international affairs
Elizabeth Stanton, environmental studies and international affairs
Luke Walther, chemistry and mathematics
Zhiyu (Philippe) Yao, astrophysical and planetary sciences

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With NIH grant, CU �鶹ӰԺ to become national center of cryoelectron tomography

Anonymous — Mon, 21 Sep 2020 22:07:42 +0000

With NIH grant, CU �鶹ӰԺ to become national center of cryoelectron tomography Anonymous (not verified) Mon, 09/21/2020 - 16:07

The grant will also help the university upgrade its electron microscopy and tomography facility

The �鶹ӰԺ will be one of four national centers designed to advance the application of cryoelectron tomography (cryoET), which helps visualize in 3-D the fine-structure of intact cells and tissues, the National Institutes of Health announced (NIH) today.

CU �鶹ӰԺ scientists, who have been at the forefront of this technology, have won a six-year, $7 million grant for the center.

Cryo-electron tomography is a method in which vitrified specimens are imaged at different tilt angles in an electron microscope to construct high-resolution three-dimensional images.

The principal investigators of the new service center are Andreas Hoenger and Michael Stowell from the Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Karolin Luger from the Department of Biochemistry.

CU �鶹ӰԺ scientists, who have been at the forefront of this technology, have won a four-year, $7 million grant for the center."

Through this grant (1 U24 GM139174-01), researchers from around the country will receive remote and on-site training and technical assistance in sample preparation for cryoelectron tomography from CU �鶹ӰԺ experts.

The grant will also help the university upgrade its electron microscopy and tomography facility, especially with a new scanning electron microscope, supplemented with a focused ion beam miller (FIB-SEM). This instrument will produce vitrified lamellae of cells and tissues, which will then be imaged with cryoET.

CU �鶹ӰԺ has five decades of leadership in electron microscopy. The founding chair of the MCDB Department, Keith Porter (after whom Porter Biosciences is named), followed by J. Richard McIntosh, was one of the pioneers of cellular electron microscopy.

Through the work of Professor Emeritus Andrew Staehelin and McIntosh, MCDB also pioneered the subfields of electron microscopy, high-pressure freezing, freeze-etch and freeze-fracture EM. And for many years, MCDB hosted one of a handful of High Voltage Electron Microscope National Centers and the �鶹ӰԺ Laboratory for 3D Electron Microscopy of Cells.

More recently, CU �鶹ӰԺ acquired a $5 Million Krios cryo-electron microscope, spearheaded by Luger and other contributors, which places �鶹ӰԺ at the forefront of cryo-EM based cellular and macro-molecular research.

For more information, visit the National Institutes of Health website.

BioKEM—or Biochemistry Krios Electron Microscopy—is now open and available to CU �鶹ӰԺ researchers and occasional external or industry use.

Learn more about the BioKEM facility

The grant will also help the university upgrade its electron microscopy and tomography facility.

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Duckweed is an incredible, radiation-fighting astronaut food – and by changing how it is grown, we made it better

Anonymous — Tue, 14 Jul 2020 16:11:12 +0000

Duckweed is an incredible, radiation-fighting astronaut food – and by changing how it is grown, we made it better Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 07/14/2020 - 10:11

Barbara Demmig-Adams

What’s the big idea?

Current industrialized food systems were optimized for a single goal – growing the maximum amount of food for the least amount of money. But when room and supplies are limited – like during space travel – you need to optimize for a different set of goals to meet the needs of the people you are trying to feed.

NASA and the Translational Research Institute for Space Health asked my lab to figure out how to grow an edible plant for long-term space missions where fresh, nutritious food must be produced in tight quarters and with limited resources. To do this, we turned to a plant called duckweed.

Duckweed grows just as fast under energy-efficient low-intensity light (top left) as it does under bright lights (bottom right). Dr. Jared J. Stewart, CC BY-ND

Duckweed is a small floating plant that grows on the surface of ponds. It is commonly eaten in Asia but is mostly considered a pest plant in the U.S. as it can quickly take over ponds. But duckweed is a remarkable plant. It is one of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, is the most protein–dense plant on the planet and also produces an abundance of important micronutrients. Two of these micronutrients are the inflammation-fighting antioxidants zeaxanthin and lutein. Zeaxanthin is the more potent of the two, but is hard to get from most leafy greens since fast-growing plants accumulate zeaxanthin only under extremely bright lights.

I proposed to the Translational Research Institute for Space Health that in addition to maximizing nutritional, space and resource efficiency, we also try to optimize the production of these antioxidants.

With just a little bit of experimentation, our team determined that under relatively low-intensity light – less than half as intense as midday sun on a clear summer day – duckweed accumulates more zeaxanthin than other fast-growing plants do in full sunlight while still maintaining the same incredible growth rate and other nutritional attributes that make it the perfect plant for a space farm.

We are also testing another strategy that would grow duckweed in even lower-intensity light but would supplement those light levels with a few pulses of high-intensity light. In other plants, my team discovered that this can trigger high amounts of zeaxanthin accumulation and fast growth and, relevant to a spaceship, would cost less energy.

From these experiments, we are planning several customized growth conditions to optimize zeaxanthin production for a variety of different applications – whether it be a spaceship a greenhouse or even outdoors.

Why does it matter?

Due to the ionizing radiation in space, astronauts are susceptible to chronic inflammation and diseases caused by cellular oxidation. Zeaxanthin and lutein have been shown to fight radiation damage as well as eye disease, another common health problem that astronauts experience.

With the right know-how, it is possible to make small changes to a few variables in how plants are grown and get them to produce more micronutrients,"

Many essential micronutrients have a finite shelf life – often only a few months. As astronauts begin going on longer missions, the only way they will be able to get these antioxidants is to grow them on board.

What still isn’t known?

While we know that intense light makes duckweed and other plants produce zeaxanthin, plants quickly remove it from their leaves when light levels drop. To meet the specific challenge of producing large amounts of zeaxanthin, more work is needed on how to coax leafy greens to retain zeaxanthin post-harvest.

What’s next?

Our project used duckweed grown in sterile environments – we used plants stripped of the microbes that normally occur in the water on which duckweeds float. Since researchers know that optimizing soil microbes can increase plant productivity, our next goal will be to explore opportunities to further enhance duckweed productivity by experimenting with beneficial microbial communities.

Duckweed is already grown for many uses on Earth, and duckweed salad might be a high-protein staple in the diets of many future space explorers. But this work is also proof that win-win solutions to food production are possible.

With the right know-how, it is possible to make small changes to a few variables in how plants are grown and get them to produce more micronutrients. Similar approaches taken with other crops could benefit people across the world, not just astronauts. On Earth, slight changes in how people grow food, backed by scientific research like ours, offer opportunities to greatly improve food production systems such that they need less, produce more and keep people healthier.

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.

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2 CU �鶹ӰԺ faculty named 2017 National Academy of Inventors fellows

Anonymous — Tue, 19 Dec 2017 23:47:31 +0000

2 CU �鶹ӰԺ faculty named 2017 National Academy of Inventors fellows Anonymous (not verified) Tue, 12/19/2017 - 16:47

The National Academy of Inventors (NAI) named two CU �鶹ӰԺ faculty members to its class of fellows for 2017.

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