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Shaylah Mutschler is designing a better forecasting system for space weather by exploiting an unlikely source: space junk.

“The government currently uses intensive ground sensor tasking to monitor conditions in orbit. This is costly and takes time away from other work. My aim is to use data we’re already collecting on orbital debris instead. This would open up a huge new data source because there are so many debris objects,” said Mutschler, an aerospace engineering PhD student and Smead Scholar at the �鶹ӰԺ working under Professor Penina Axelrad.

At issue is the sun – the source of most space weather. In addition to lighting and heating Earth, the sun also puts out significant amounts of radiation and particle emissions that can dramatically alter our �鶹ӰԺ upper atmosphere and magnetosphere. Those alterations interfere with and sometimes damage near-Earth and ground-based systems such as satellites and power grids, which is why monitoring is so important.

Instead of expensive sensor time, Mutschler wants to use data from what is typically an orbital nuisance: space junk. There are tens-of-thousands of pieces of space debris currently orbiting Earth – items that range from spent booster rockets, to pieces of derelict satellites to tools dropped by astronauts while on space walks.

NASA and the U.S. Air Force maintain databases of space debris with one goal in mind: to stay out of the way. Objects in orbit around Earth travel at some 27,000 kph (17,000 mph). If they hit anything, there is a risk of catastrophic destruction, like that envisioned in the 2013 film Gravity, where debris from a derelict satellite spins out of control, crashing into other satellites and creating a cascade of damage around Earth.

Mutschler would harness the debris databases to monitor the speed of orbiting objects, which can change when solar emissions increase the density of molecules in the Earth’s magnetosphere, causing additional drag.

Atmospheric density varies naturally as objects orbit the Earth, leading to some normal variances in orbital speed, which makes the debris catalog so useful. It could provide a global average picture, smoothing out those natural variations to expose unique space weather conditions.

“The metaphor I like to use is how Google Maps uses data on where cars are and how fast they're moving to identify traffic problems. My algorithm uses a similar approach, only we're doing it in space,” Mutschler said.

The database is uniquely suited for this task because there so many objects monitored by it. In addition, many of those objects have high area to mass ratios, which makes them particularly sensitive to drag from space weather.

“There a lot of debris objects for which we already collect data for space object catalogue maintenance, but this data isn't used for anything else. So, why not put this data to work and use it for good, to help us track space weather in near real time,” Mutschler said.

In addition to expanding our understanding of space weather, Mutschler’s idea could also help extend the life of satellites. Currently, when debris from the database enters the orbital path of a functioning satellite, its owner is contacted so the satellite can be maneuvered away from the object.

However, the databases have significant margins of error due to shifting atmospheric density. When an object is slowed by changes in atmospheric density, its orbit is also altered, potentially putting it on a collision course.

“In low-Earth orbit, it’s the largest contributor to prediction error. We don’t always know whether to tell operators to move a satellite or not,” Mutschler said.

They often err on the side of caution and move the satellite, because replacing a damaged satellite can take years and cost hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars. However, the maneuvering has a price of its own: satellites have limited fuel, and when their tanks run dry, there are no orbiting gas stations at which to fill up.

“If we can build better prediction models, we can reduce unnecessary movement and extend the life of satellites,” Mutschler said.